HR Practices in Pakistan and UK The WritePass Journal

HR Practices in Pakistan and UK CHAPTER 1 HR Practices in Pakistan and UK CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 INTRODUCTION:1.2 Realistic Background:1.3 Research Aim and Objectives:1.3.1 Research Aim:1.3.2 Research Objectives:1.4 Organisation of Work:INTRODUCTION1.4.1 Literature Review1.4.2 Research Methodology1.4.3Findings and Results1.4.4 Conclusion1.4.5 Reflection1.6.6 ReferencesCHAPTER 22.1 Preface:2.2 Integrative structure of planned Global Individual Source Organization (GISO):2.3 Hierarchy of Human Resource themes (what is GISO and how it works):2.4 Global Individual Source Organization (GISO)2.4.1 Definition of Global Individual Source Organization (GISO):2.5 Obtainable Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) Replicas2.6 Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) Courses policies2.7 Nationwide, Educational as well as lawful dissimilarities among United Kingdom Pakistan:Chart 2.7.1: Essential details concerning United Kingdom Pakistan2.7.2 Relative Structure Sensible: Chart 2.7.2: Structure Functional for relative learning of United Kingdom Pakistan2 .8 Employment Association (United Kingdom Asia): 2.9 Ability Configuration:2.10 Recompense schemes: 2.11 Service Safety: 2.12 Importance of Training in an organisation:2.13 Human Resource Practices in UK and Pakistan:2.13.1 HR Practices in Pakistan:2.13.2 HR Practices in UK:Related The importance of recruitment and selection practices also known as Human Resource Management (HRM) could not be taken lightly. All national and multinational organisations rely on its most important resource – the people working in it to carry out its goals and visions. Organisations do not work without the people. The Human Resource therefore takes care of a very essential component of the organisation. Thus, it deserves to be given due consideration and importance. The proposed research will be focused upon to investigate the comparison of HR practices in Pakistan and UK multinational organisations. In the recent past so many research findings have been produced about the implementation of HR practices in Pakistan but it is evident that HR practices are not fully implemented and what are the main causes and factors due to which these practices are not implemented. On the other hand the HR practices in developed countries like United Kingdom play important in the success of the multinational organisations. Thus along with comparison this study will also reveal the effect of HRM practices in developed countries like United Kingdom and under developed countries like Pakistan. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION: This chapter summarizes a brief overview of the entire dissertation. In this context, this chapter presents a brief introduction of the identified objectives. Background section of this chapter details research conducted to conclude main area of research. Some others topics include literature review, methodology, findings and results. Rest of this chapter has been organized as follows. In section 1, we present aims and objectives of our research study. Section 2 presents background study and research challenges are covered in section 3. At last in section 4 we present organization of this dissertation. International projects that are increasing their actions universally are uncovered to increase knowledge in the variety of ways according to their situation. They are familiar with choosing problem among an internationally consistent strategy a nearby adaptive strategy in their global individual source strategies. Asia is the best rising district on the earth (Economist 2003, 2005; Fortune 2004) plus is motionless under-researched evaluated to Europe as well as the United States. The financial systems of the nations underneath learning are frequently grouped jointly as being underpinned by Asian principles although restricted traditions, organizations, as well as work powers vary in every of the chosen states. Known the local variation in financial expansion, the assortment of state permits examination of move together to higher financial systems such as Singapore as well as less-developed financial systems such as Thailand plus Indonesia. The instant region of attention of this learning is the relocate of Human Resource strategies and their performance in United Kingdom headquarters (HQ) and supplementary in Pakistan. To know about how they use their HR practices and HR department to motivate their employees so that their performance should be at their best just like the HQ employees who has been working in a developed country. To know about the contrast of these employees the researchers is working on these variables, Motivation, Training and hiring of the employees. After studying Japanese organizations western writers and parishioners have found that workforce management (utilization) is one of the main reasons of their success. This has a great influence on the writers, parishioners and the researchers to consider proper use of workforce in western organizations. Later on this style was termed as ‘Human Resource Management’ or HRM. At present, many organizations has functional personnel department known as Human Resource (HR) with the basic aim of managing their employees in an efficient manner. 1.2 Realistic Background: At the same time as those kinds of keys are essential as well as sufficient to accomplish several of the managerial Human Resource jobs, the excellence of recompense, expansion plus guidance procedure to name immediately a little are not optimized with the similar severity in each state as those relating to the manufactured goods plus services that the own MNEs proffer. This require for the Human Resource purpose to competition the excellence of the manufactured goods as well as service commerce has lead to a rising attention of the MNEs’ headquarters in global Human Resource. People working individually or collectively for the organisation are the essential and most valued elements of human resource management. HRM is considered as a strategic and detailed approach for the management of the organisation. ‘Personnel’ management term was used before the concept of HRM. According to Grant and Oswick (1996) of practitioners views on HRM said â€Å"There is and always was a gradual evolution of personnel management. I see HRM as just the latest stage of this evolution.† In Pakistan the HRM process is in developing or infancy stage. In Pakistan and other under developed countries the HRM practices are not fully implemented. According to Beer et al, Human Resource Management affects the relationship between organisations and employees with the decision making. According to Pettigrew and Whip (1991) HRM is a total set of knowledge, skills and attitude that a firm need to compete. It includes matters like hiring, firing and training and actions concerning people such as employee relations, compensations and development. Such actions and matters can be brought up together through the creation of human resource management philosophy. HRM is the reflection of policies and objectives set by the management. These policies and objectives closely related and interlinked to each other. To obtain the objective of the organisation HRM function of planning pertains to arriving at an efficient process. It helps the company to achieve its goals. Organisation gathers and coordinates the resources needed to implement the plan. Human resource management organize the company structure form the relationships and allocate th e resources to attain the objectives. Directing refers to the human resource management function that leads and supervises employees to attain the company objectives. Finally, controlling is confirming if the plan is carried out in actual situation. 1.3 Research Aim and Objectives: 1.3.1 Research Aim: According to previous studies and researches the researchers have done allot of hard work on the specific field of HRM but this research only comprise the developed countries where human resource management plays an important role in the development of multinational organisations. However less consideration has been given and not too much research has been done with context to under developed countries like Pakistan. Mostly the comparison revealed from past journals, books and magazines has shown that either one country has been thoroughly researched or two developed or under developed countries are compared. But this research tends to draw attentions towards the adaption of human resource management techniques and their behaviour in multinational organisations of both developed country like United Kingdom where HR practices are fully implemented and under developed country like Pakistan where HRM techniques are not used on same footings as of developed country and their results. 1.3.2 Research Objectives: To investigate about the status and nature of HR practices with respect to both countries. To conduct studies pertaining to human resources of both countries. To understand the influence of cultural, social, economic, political and business environment on HR practices with respect to Pakistan and UK. To suggest improvements to current HR standards imposed in Pakistan and UK. To suggest suitable model of HR. To give recommendation for successful implementation of HRM model. 1.4 Organisation of Work: INTRODUCTION All possible steps will be taken in order to make easy for readers about the finding of research. This dissertation is structured into SEVEN categories which are: LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH METHADOLOGY FINDINDS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONRECOMENDATIONS REFLECTION REPORT The layout of chapters for this report is as follows; 1.4.1 Literature Review Literature review is one of the important sections of our work. We understand that literature review provides a based to understand the importance of HR activities in GISO. The term HR activities here imply role and practices of HRM, SHRM and its implementation in GISO. This chapter also focuses on the strategy and elaborates the link between strategy and HRM in the selected GISO. 1.4.2 Research Methodology The main aim of this chapter is to discuss different methods and techniques for investigation in selected area. We will discuss research philosophy principle (positivism, realism and interpretive), qualitative analysis, secondary and primary data and also different types of interviews. In this chapter conclusions are made to identify various approaches and techniques needed to conduct our research study. 1.4.3Findings and Results Research findings and derived results are presented in this chapter. These results are drawn from the interview and data collection from the managers/owners of the selected GISO’s. 1.4.4 Conclusion This chapter presents research finding and derived results of our research study. In this chapter focus is also given on the aims and objectives of our research especially in the context of HR activities in the selected GISO’s. One important aspects of this chapter is the listed factors and reasons that are derived. We believe these factors and reasons can persuade business managers and owners to integrate HR and business strategies in selected GISO’s. Moreover, they can also be helpful in promoting the whole idea among the GISO’s. 1.4.5 Reflection This chapter presents our own reflection in terms of learning process based on research findings and conclusions of carried out research study. 1.6.6 References We have studied different books, academic papers and articles to build the foundation of our project. In references section we have listed all of literature we have studies in our research study. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Preface: The preceding section initiated and summarized this learning. This section presents the literature review of this study, which is related to the shift of strategies as well as performance in global individual source organization. Primarily, an integrative structure for learning global individual source matters is obtainable. Next the general idea of literature argues present thoughts in the close relative regulations (Perry 2003). These are initial, global individual source organization, next, nationwide, educational as well as lawful dissimilarities among United Kingdom as well as Pakistan, third, international projects their collision on individual source matters, plus the instant regulation, shift of individual source strategies as well as perform from international projects headquarters to auxiliary. 2.2 Integrative structure of planned Global Individual Source Organization (GISO): This part begins with the introduction of an integrative structure of planned global individual source organization. Its arrangements as well as inferences for this section are discussed. This structure is believed in determining an idea inside the field of Planned Global Individual Source Organization (PGISO) moreover it is extensively used as a structure for study plus educational coaching in the field of global Human resource. The frame is motionless suitable and present, in spite of the rising attention inside the field of Global Individual Source Organization (PGISO) more than the last 10 years (Evans 2003; Fisher Haertel 2004; Rowley Benson 2004; Schuler Budhwar 2002). As Pawan and Bahadur says ‘The impact of HRM policies on organisational performance is fully mediated by employee skills, attitudes, and behaviour. The paper concludes that although the motivation to perform HRM policy domain causes organisational performance, through employee attitudes, it may be supported that organisational performance positively moderates the effectiveness of this HRM policy domain, raising thus the question of reverse causality†(Anastasia, katou,Bahadur,2009). The HRM is concerned with the effective and efficient use of the organizations’ human resources. Hence, the human resource management runs the operations and as part of the functions of the HR departments is to attract the potential employees and by attracting the best applicants it is important that the HR management already prepared the strategies to help the hired employees perform well. Through the use of job analysis, the employees that are hired were trained and the expected them to perform the appropriate function effectively (Zafar, 2005). As in the words of Paul Gooderham†HRM promotes firm performance and firms have sufficient managerial autonomy to select HRM practices independently†(Gooderham and Nordhaug 2009). 2.3 Hierarchy of Human Resource themes (what is GISO and how it works): Schuler (1994; 2003) plus others (Briscoe 1996; Nankervis; Rowley Benson 2003) observed a hierarchy in the difficulty of human resources (HR) themes. The base is individual source organization in the firm at the nationwide stage. Individual Source Organization (ISO) comprises the majority human resources management jobs, such as payroll, as well as the themes of employing, presentation organization, preparation, expansion, recompense as well as advantages, as fine as manual labour relationships (Dowling, Schuler Welch 1994). Further difficulty is new when leaving single stage senior to Global Individual Source Organization (GISO), which comprises Individual Source Organization (ISO) as well as inserts the confronts of general, educational as well as lawful dissimilarities among the states of the firm’s actions (Adler 1986; Briscoe 1995; Dowling, Schuler Welch 1994; Fisher Hartwell 2003). 2.4 Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) This part describes an impression of GISO within the literature by talking about numerous obtainable GISO replicas. Three directions of MNE strategies towards GISO are argued. 2.4.1 Definition of Global Individual Source Organization (GISO): GISO descriptions are widespread; GISO matters merely discover features of Human Resource Management in MNEs (Briscoe 1995). For others ‘planned global individual source organization is no further than the request of GISO to the global or global commerce background’ (For this study a clear-cut explanation of Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) is used: GISO comprise of a compilation of strategies as well as perform that an international project uses to run the limited as well as non-local staff; it has in nations other than their residence nations. (Acclimatized from: Dowling, Schuler Welch 1994) 2.5 Obtainable Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) Replicas Some theoretical replicas look for to explain plus forecast how MNEs may demeanor Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) on a theoretical stage from a worldwide, planned viewpoint (Evans 1989, Pucik Barsoux 2002; Milliman, Von Glinow Nathan 1991; Nankervis, Compton 1999; Schuler 1993; Taylor, Beechler Napier 1996). What MNEs in fact perform as well as, further highly, how they accomplish it is not so fine filed. Afterward replicas identify additional interior also exterior issues to clarify MNEs options of Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) schemes. 2.6 Global Individual Source Organization (GISO) Courses policies An explorative GISO course is single in which the close relative firms Human Resource Management scheme is being moved to its dissimilar associates. This policy highlights incorporation crossways the entire associates. The unenthusiastic feature of such an explorative GISO policy is its rigidity. This might show the way to an ethnocentric course from Head Quarters (HQ) plus as a result, associates may be resisted to the compulsory perform (Adler 2001). The next, an adaptive GISO course is single in which every associate expands its personal Human Resource Management scheme, dazzling the restricted surroundings. The unenthusiastic feature of such an adaptive GISO policy is it’s require of internationally suitable principles as well as perhaps a group of incompetence due to the manifold formations of comparable strategies as well as schemes (Roberts,. 2000). The third, an integrative GISO course, together unites individuality of the close relative corporations Human Resource Management scheme with individuals of its global associates, as well as tries to obtain ‘the most excellent’ Human Resource Management strategies plus employ them all through the association. Shifting of Human Resource Management strategies as well as performance happens plus can go away in several ways, among associates or from single associate to Head Quarters (HQ) or from Head Quarters (HQ) to an associate (Taylor, Beechler Napier 1996). If realized fine, the integrative strategy is obviously the attractive win-win answer. The likely unenthusiastic feature is that the last GISO strategies of an MNE might symbolize the lowest ordinary denominator quite than surroundings global principles (Kostova 1999). Containing recognized the dissimilar alternatives of GISO in words of an explorative, adaptive as well as integrative strategy; the query is how to make a decision which alternative to decide. 2.7 Nationwide, Educational as well as lawful dissimilarities among United Kingdom Pakistan: This part primarily contrasts the states United Kingdom plus Pakistan on a macroeconomic stage plus after that continues to talk about a structure for relative learning on Human Resource Management matters. Moreover, civilization is described as well as a contrast of the educational dissimilarities of the nations founded on four writers’ replicas, is offered. Chart 2.7.1: Essential details concerning United Kingdom Pakistan Contrast United Kingdom Pakistan Populace(millions) 83.5 18.7 GDP (billion US$)* 2259 451.2 GDP for each head(US$)* 35,100 2,400 Labour force(millions) 31.45% 55.77 Inflation rate 3.3 % 13.4% Joblessness 7.9 % 15% Faith 71.6%Christian 95 %Muslims (Source: World Fact Book 2010) *= founded on buying authority equivalence 2.7.2 Relative Structure Sensible: Relative learning on state stages countenances the difficulty of opposing styles plus information (Rowley Benson 2002). Nonetheless an effort is completed underneath to present a prà ©cis of the nations beneath learning, relating the relative structure of Velma, Kocher plus Lansbury (1996) in chart 2.8.2. Chart 2.7.2: Structure Functional for relative learning of United Kingdom Pakistan United Kingdom Pakistan Employment Association Wide exercise of skill to amplify suppleness plus output of labour force. Mainly prejudiced by attendance of American MNEs’ local Head Quarters. Ability Configuration Fine skilled labour force with stress on occupational preparation plus sensible learning. Management drives elevated stages of teaching.Extremely incomplete attempt from the confidential division. Recompense schemes Although an elevated earnings state, genuine incomes have been in refuse for years. Comparatively consistently dispersed disburse levels between businesses occupations. Earnings have been continually increasing in actual words with elevated manifolds of compensate levels as the standard. Pakistan is not a contemptible work site any longer. Service Safety Elevated servicesafety as well as labour force faithfulness with lawful defence of the labour force in recessions that creates saversCautious to get bigger in improvements. Extremely livelywork marketplacewithout compulsion on company to offerEnduring service or work safety. Business Supremacy Communal negotiating well-built locations of the combinations that are as well symbolized on the panels of managers (co- willpower). Communally awfully steady. Corporatist scheme where the country forces work in a position secondary to administration financial rule. Generally steady. (Sources: Briscoe 1995; Herkenhoff 2000; Kamoche 2000; Lawler Siengthai 1998; Verma, Kochan Lansbury 1995). 2.8 Employment Association (United Kingdom Asia): United Kingdom utilizes skill to enlarge suppleness plus output of the labor force, Pakistan is powerfully prejudiced by American MNEs containing their Asia Head Quarters in Pakistan. Thailand is prejudiced in its job association by Buddhism as well as the physically powerful attendance of the kingdom Indonesia, being quite rigid, utilizes its plentiful labor force with not a lot attempt to amplify output. (Briscoe 1995; Kamoche 2000; Lawler Siengthai 1998; Verma, Kochan Lansbury 1995). 2.9 Ability Configuration: Pakistan have a profusion of inexpert work, with lacks in guidance as well as accomplished work, at the same time in Pakistan the administration vigorously forces for elevated stages of teaching as well as guidance. In United Kingdom the importance is on sensible learning, intensely entrenched in the scheme throughout professional guidance (Briscoe 1995; Kamoche 2000). 2.10 Recompense schemes: United Kingdom is elevated earnings kingdom with Pakistan being a contemptible work state. Whereas incomes plus salaries are dispersed comparatively consistently in United Kingdom, creating it extremely luxurious for low accomplished work, where as Pakistan is further used to elevate manifolds of disburse levels (Herkenhoff 2000; Kamoche 2000). 2.11 Service Safety: The additional Asian nations have lively work marketplaces as well as small employee faithfulness with the United States being the responsibility replica for Pakistan. The United Kingdom work marketplaces is very much controlled plus defended, therefore not self-motivated, with elevated employee devotion. United Kingdom defends their labour force lawfully in opposition to suspends, resultant in extra cautious developments throughout financial improvements (Briscoe 1995; Lawler Siengthai 1996). 2.12 Importance of Training in an organisation: One of the important element of HRM beside selection and hiring of employees is the training of employees. It is an essential tool for an organisation and plays an important role in enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the employees. It is beneficial for both the employee and the employer because when an organisation provides effective training to its employees they will in return be able to put that training in practice. Training is also important for employees to help them to cope themselves with the rapid or slow changes within the organisation. That is the reason that organisations put high regard on giving training to its employees Wright et al (1992). With the help of effectively conducted training programmes a large number of potential benefits can be obtained by individuals as well as organisations. With respect to their position trainees may gain greater intrinsic or extrinsic job satisfaction. Intrinsic satisfaction comes from performing a task well and extrinsic job satisfaction may be derived from extra earnings gained by performing well in an organisation which can also become the cause of enhancement of career and promotion prospects both inside and outside the organisation. On the other hand organisations benefits from increase in employee work performance and productivity Welch (1994). 2.13 Human Resource Practices in UK and Pakistan: To evaluate the present structure of HRM with respect to both countries, the author would also analyse the key factors affecting on HRM, which include, culture, political, economic social context, Institutions, education system and the present structure of HR in Pakistan, but the focal point of this study would be training practices of multinational banks having branches both in UK and Pakistan. According to Peter F. Drucker â€Å"People are definitely the companys greatest assets. It doesnt make a difference whether the product is cars or cosmetics. A company is as good as the people keep it.† 2.13.1 HR Practices in Pakistan: Pakistan was established on August 14, 1947. Today in 2011, sixty three years later, Pakistan is still experiencing growing pains. As a young nation Pakistan is facing a number of struggles to become a sustainable development country so that along with the national companies foreign companies should also do investment here. For this reason it is struggling hard to attain sustainable development particularly in the field of Human Resource management. From past 2 decades as the business started to grow up and foreign investment started to come in the country a large number of obstacles have been seen particularly in the field of improving and managing the human resource effectively. At this point Pakistan, the human resource management situation in Pakistan is far from being excellent. In some private sectors, HR department is present but it is not fully functional. The Army in Pakistan is a bit organized but still experiences some lapses in other areas. The multinational companies fai r better in the human resource department because they have management tools perfectly in place. The human resource techniques used in Pakistan in past need to be re-examined because they only managed to create a group of unskilled qualified man power and unproductive organizations. The issues or problems surrounding the human resource management all falls under the functions of HRM discipline. The issues revolve around several aspects such as: Job Analysis and Design: The function of human resource management is to monitor constantly the everyday performance of the organisation as everyday has new performance implication Guest, D (2001). In Pakistan most of the times the employees found themselves in an overlapping situation. One of the main reasons for this is that the job description and specifications are not properly outlined. This results in a situation where employees found themselves in an overlapping situation and take pressure and burden of work which makes them less productive and stops them to achieve their targets of job. Work Flow Process: In Pakistan the work flow process is not given much attention and is not implemented very well. This results in finishing a task longer time than in routine. In order to complete a task those processes are also done which are not necessary for the accomplishment of the task. Consequently, people end up doing more work that does not lead to the achievement of their goals. It also makes the management process seemed more complicated and time-consuming Singh K (2004). Recruitment and Selection: Nepotism and mal are the main hurdles which are responsible to curtail the process of hiring and selection in many government and private organisations. However with the introduction of new procedures the recruitment and selection process is getting better. In the private sector things look rosier since hiring is based on the qualifications of the applicant. Even if he is referred by the incumbent still the person they will hire needs to come up with certain performance standards to be able to remain in the organization. Work Environment: The office environment in Pakistan does not meet the standard of health and safety and sanitation standards. This is particularly noticeable in the government sector. The office does not provide a hospitable working environment that encourages productivity. The rooms usually do not have proper seating arrangements and cleanliness is ignored. However with the establishment of multinational companies and banks the environment on whole is getting better as they follow strict international standards of health and safety.Hierarchy: Government sector hierarchy is quite complicated in Pakistan. Expressing the point of view is quite difficult which can cost the employee his job. The officers in higher positions demand following of protocols complete with paraphernalia which costs money for the government. In the private sector, hierarchy is sometimes ignored where as in multinational organisations it is on very small scale. Working Hours: Working in the government requires that the employee report for work at 8am in the morning everyday even if they don’t do anything at that time. The employees usually come in at 8 then hop on a government vehicle to visit various offices for networking, socialize. At lunchtime they go home, rest then come back at 5pm in the evening and work until 9pm. This working technique allows worker to be committed to their jobs and learn hard work and perseverance. Performance Appraisal: The ACR in the government can either make or break careers. It is not unusual to see bending or distorting of appraisal to make the report more favourable to the employee. One report could spell a huge difference in a person’s career such as job promotion. Performance effectiveness often means not showing excellent performance but closer ties with the boss. The person in the higher position often does not bother to socialize with subordinates because they do not give feedback to the boss. Systems and SOPs: Government has some systems in place although some need improvement. The local NGO (non government organisation) sector does not have any system at all as they do whatever they want. The private sector such as multi-national companies is in a much better shape since they have established system for company activities. Reward System: Money is often seen as the only motivator even if employees are not compensated well. A vivid example of this is a police officer and an ordinary police man, the former often receives a number of privileges at work the latter however does not. The reward system could not possibly motivate people or be a real ‘reward system’ since excellent performances is not recognized by being promoted in the job or incurring a higher salary. Just as bad performance does not incur disciplinary measures for the employee. The reward system is virtually non-existent. Career Development: Employees often could not aspire for growth because of the presence of political red tape that poses as obstacles to be able to attain job promotions or, at least, a higher salary. Training and Development: Several national and international trainings are financed by the government for employees. These trainings however are dimmed by intrigues as the motive behind the selection of employees to be trained is often under suspicion Cooke, F (2002). The relevance of training and its applicability to the job is under scrutiny since it was found out that most Pakistani officials avail of international trainings to be able to experience travelling and have shopping trips. Aside from these pressing issues facing the sustainable advancement of human resource in Pakistan, more issues hound them such as: Cost benefit analysis is not used in management decisions to determine the feasibility of a certain project or undertaking. The education policies are not applicable to the industrial requirements. Education is more focus on the theoretical aspect rather than the practical aspect of the profession. Most professional malpractices are brought about by political pressures. People are not chosen for the right jobs. Consequently, jobs become a daily routine. People have ulterior motives that cater to their own interest even if it does not contribute to the advancement of the organization. Poor leadership. Diversity and innovation is not practiced in most companies whether government-owned or private. Lack of opportunities for growth. Low motivation. Passive behaviours. Management by Objectives (MBO) is not in place. Multitasking is not practiced among government employees. Pay is not based on performance level of an employee. Commitment level is very low. There is a noticeable lack of specialists in some subjects. Deficient research in the area. Improper Communication within the organization. Inflexibility. Wrong perceptions. Many organizations don’t have a vision on where the company is heading. Short term vision Government spent money to improve human resource but due to lack of planning, the expected positive result was not realized. Pakistan struggles to secure a place in the League of Nations because of poor human resource management in the past. Working is not enough if not given proper support and credit. These, however, are manageable issues once Pakistan resolves them. 2.13.2 HR Practices in UK: Human resource practice in UK can be considered as a perfect example of successful HRM techniques in developed countries. Comparing with Pakistan HRM practiced in UK can be said as the other side of the coin. Comparatively human resource practices in United Kingdom are more in place than in Pakistan. With hundreds of multinational companies and thousands of national companies all over United Kingdom a large workforce is working having a multi cultural background. Employees are offered an attractive salary and are also given benefits. In order to maintain the standard facilities, training and work conditions are also better as standards are needed to be adhered to. Government and private organisations work hand in hand to ensure that laws, policies and systems are practiced and carried out. As a testament to this, a number of skilled labourers also migrated to the United Kingdom from countries such as India, Philippines and Pakistan due to the more favourable working conditions in the UK Brewster et al (2004). This may come as a huge surprise then that in the latest survey of 2000 UK employees commissioned by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) revealed that relationships between employers and employees in a number of workplaces are described as having poor communication, trust is at low levels which leads to underperformance, low productivity and high staff turnover. In a book called Working Life: Employee Attitudes and Engagement 2006 written by Catherine Truss, Emma Soane and Christine Edwards from the School of Human Resource Management at the Kingston Business School, Kingston University and Karen Wisdom, Andrew Croll and Jamie Burnett from Ipsos MORI. The authors believe that the main problem in HR practices in UK revolves around communication and trust. In so many ways, it is similar to a marriage under stress: Mike Emmott, CIPD employee relations adviser, said: Lack of communication means many employees feel unsupported and dont feel their hard work is recognized. As a result the sparkle has gone out of the relationship, damaging productivity levels in many UK businesses.

The Modern Essay by Virginia Woolf

The Modern Essay by Virginia Woolf Widely considered one of the finest essayists of the 20th century, Virginia Woolf composed this essay as a review of Ernest Rhyss five-volume anthology of Modern English Essays: 1870-1920 (J.M. Dent, 1922). The review originally appeared in The Times Literary Supplement, November 30, 1922, and Woolf included a slightly revised version in her first collection of essays, The Common Reader (1925). In her brief preface to the collection, Woolf distinguished the common reader (a phrase borrowed from Samuel Johnson) from the critic and scholar: He is worse educated, and nature has not gifted him so generously. He reads for his own pleasure rather than to impart knowledge or correct the opinions of others. Above all, he is guided by an instinct to create for himself, out of whatever odds and ends he can come by, some kind of wholea portrait of a man, a sketch of an age, a theory of the art of writing. Here, assuming the guise of the common reader, she offers a few . . . ideas and opinions about the nature of the English essay. Compare Woolfs thoughts on essay writing with those expressed by Maurice Hewlett in The Maypole and the Column and by Charles S. Brooks in The Writing of Essays. The Modern Essay by Virginia Woolf As Mr. Rhys truly says, it is unnecessary to go profoundly into the history and origin of the essaywhether it derives from Socrates or Siranney the Persiansince, like all living things, its present is more important than its past. Moreover, the family is widely spread; and while some of its representatives have risen in the world and wear their coronets with the best, others pick up a precarious living in the gutter near Fleet Street. The form, too, admits variety. The essay can be short or long, serious or trifling, about God and Spinoza, or about turtles and Cheapside. But as we turn over the pages of these five little volumes, containing essays written between 1870 and 1920, certain principles appear to control the chaos, and we detect in the short period under review something like the progress of history. Of all forms of literature, however, the essay is the one which least calls for the use of long words. The principle which controls it is simply that it should give pleasure; the desire which impels us when we take it from the shelf is simply to receive pleasure. Everything in an essay must be subdued to that end. It should lay us under a spell with its first word, and we should only wake, refreshed, with its last. In the interval we may pass through the most various experiences of amusement, surprise, interest, indignation; we may soar to the heights of fantasy with Lamb or plunge to the depths of wisdom with Bacon, but we must never be roused. The essay must lap us about and draw its curtain across the world. So great a feat is seldom accomplished, though the fault may well be as much on the readers side as on the writers. Habit and lethargy have dulled his palate. A novel has a story, a poem rhyme; but what art can the essayist use in these short lengths of prose to sting us wide awake and fix us in a trance which is not sleep but rather an intensification of lifea basking, with every faculty alert, in the sun of pleasure? He must knowthat is the first essentialhow to write. His learning may be as profound as Mark Pattisons, but in an essay, it must be so fused by the magic of writing that not a fact juts out, not a dogma tears the surface of the texture. Macaulay in one way, Froude in another, did this superbly over and over again. They have blown more knowledge into us in the course of one essay than the innumerable chapters of a hundred textbooks. But when Mark Pattison has to tell us, in the space of thirty-five little pages, about Montaigne, we feel that he had not previously assimi lated M. Grà ¼n. M. Grà ¼n was a gentleman who once wrote a bad book. M. Grà ¼n and his book should have been embalmed for our perpetual delight in amber. But the process is fatiguing; it requires more time and perhaps more temper than Pattison had at his command. He served M. Grà ¼n up raw, and he remains a crude berry among the cooked meats, upon which our teeth must grate forever. Something of the sort applies to Matthew Arnold and a certain translator of Spinoza. Literal truth-telling and finding fault with a culprit for his good are out of place in an essay, where everything should be for our good and rather for eternity than for the March number of the Fortnightly Review. But if the voice of the scold should never be heard in this narrow plot, there is another voice which is as a plague of locuststhe voice of a man stumbling drowsily among loose words, clutching aimlessly at vague ideas, the voice, for example, of Mr. Hutton in the following passage: Add to this that his married life was brief, only seven years and a half, being unexpectedly cut short, and that his passionate reverence for his wifes memory and geniusin his own words, a religionwas one which, as he must have been perfectly sensible, he could not make to appear otherwise than extravagant, not to say an hallucination, in the eyes of the rest of mankind, and yet that he was possessed by an irresistible yearning to attempt to embody it in all the tender and enthusiastic hyperbole of which it is so pathetic to find a man who gained his fame by his dry-light a master, and it is impossible not to feel that the human incidents in Mr. Mills career are very sad. A book could take that blow, but it sinks an essay. A biography in two volumes is indeed the proper depository, for there, where the licence is so much wider, and hints and glimpses of outside things make part of the feast (we refer to the old type of Victorian volume), these yawns and stretches hardly matter, and have indeed some positive value of their own. But that value, which is contributed by the reader, perhaps illicitly, in his desire to get as much into the book from all possible sources as he can, must be ruled out here. There is no room for the impurities of literature in an essay. Somehow or other, by dint of labor or bounty of nature, or both combined, the essay must be purepure like water or pure like wine, but pure from dullness, deadness, and deposits of extraneous matter. Of all writers in the first volume, Walter Pater best achieves this arduous task, because before setting out to write his essay (Notes on Leonardo da Vinci) he has somehow contrived to get his material fused. He is a learned man, but it is not knowledge of Leonardo that remains with us, but a vision, such as we get in a good novel where everything contributes to bring the writers conception as a whole before us. Only here, in the essay, where the bounds are so strict and facts have to be used in their nakedness, the true writer like Walter Pater makes these limitations yield their own quality. Truth will give it authority; from its narrow limits he will get shape and intensity; and then there is no more fitting place for some of those ornaments which the old writers loved and we, by calling them ornaments, presumably despise. Nowadays nobody would have the courage to embark on the once famous description of Leonardos lady who has learned the secrets of the grave; and has been a diver in deep seas and keeps their fallen day about her; and trafficked for strange webs with Eastern merchants; and, as Leda, was the mother of Helen of Troy, and, as Saint Anne, the mother of Mary . . . The passage is too thumb-marked to slip naturally into the context. But when we come unexpectedly upon the smiling of women and the motion of great waters, or upon full of the refinement of the dead, in sad, earth-coloured raiment, set with pale stones, we suddenly remember that we have ears and we have eyes and that the English language fills a long array of stout volumes with innumerable words, many of which are of more than one syllable. The only living Englishman who ever looks into these volumes is, of course, a gentleman of Polish extraction. But doubtless our abstention saves us much gush, much rhetoric, much high-stepping and cloud-prancing, and for the sake of the prevailing sobriety and hard-headedness, we should be willing to barter the splendor of  Sir Thomas Browne  and the vigor of  Swift. Yet, if the essay admits more properly than biography or fiction of sudden boldness and metaphor, and can be polished till every atom of its surface shines, there are dangers in that too. We are soon in sight of ornament. Soon the current, which is the life-blood of literature, runs slow; and instead of sparkling and flashing or moving with a quieter impulse which has a deeper excitement, words coagulate together in frozen sprays which, like the grapes on a Christmas-tree, glitter for a single night, but are dusty and garnish the day after. The temptation to decorate is great where the theme may be of the slightest. What is there to interest another in the fact that one has enjoyed a walking tour, or has amused oneself by rambling down Cheapside and looking at the turtles in Mr. Sweetings shop window?  Stevenson  and  Samuel Butler  chose very different methods of exciting our interest in these domestic themes. Stevenson, of course, trimmed and polished and set out his matter in the traditional eighteenth-century form. It is admirably done, but we cannot help feeling anxious, as the essay proceeds, lest the material may give out under the craftsmans fingers. The ingot is so small, the manipulation so incessant. And perhaps that is why the  peroration To sit still and contemplateto remember the faces of women without desire, to be pleased by the great deeds of men without envy, to be everything and everywhere in sympathy and yet content to remain where and what you are has the sort of insubstantiality which suggests that by the time he got to the end he had left himself nothing solid to work with. Butler adopted the very opposite method. Think your own thoughts, he seems to say, and speak them as plainly as you can. These turtles in the shop window which appear to leak out of their shells through heads and feet suggest a fatal faithfulness to a fixed idea. And so, striding unconcernedly from one idea to the next, we traverse a large stretch of ground; observe that a wound in the solicitor is a very serious thing; that Mary Queen of Scots wears surgical boots and is subject to fits near the Horse Shoe in Tottenham Court Road; take it for granted that no one really cares about Aeschylus; and so, with many amusing anecdotes and some profound reflections, reach the peroration, which is that, as he had been told not to see more in Cheapside than he could get into twelve pages of the  Universal Review, he had better stop. And yet obviously Butler is at least as careful of our pleasure as Stevenson, and to write like oneself and call it not writing is a much harder exercise in style than to write like Addison and call it writing well. But, however much they differ individually, the Victorian essayists yet had something in common. They wrote at greater length than is now usual, and they wrote for a public which had not only time to sit down to its magazine seriously, but a high, if peculiarly Victorian, standard of culture by which to judge it. It was worth while to speak out upon serious matters in an essay; and there was nothing absurd in writing as well as one possibly could when, in a month or two, the same public which had welcomed the essay in a magazine would carefully read it once more in a book. But a change came from a small audience of cultivated people to a larger audience of people who were not quite so cultivated. The change was not altogether for the worse. In volume iii. we find Mr. Birrell and  Mr. Beerbohm. It might even be said that there was a reversion to the classic  type and that the essay by losing its size and something of its sonority was approaching more nearly the essay of Addison and Lamb. At any rate, there is a great gulf between Mr. Birrell on  Carlyle  and the essay which one may suppose that Carlyle would have written upon Mr. Birrell. There is little similarity between  A Cloud of Pinafores, by Max Beerbohm, and  A Cynics Apology, by Leslie Stephen. But the essay is alive; there is no reason to despair. As the conditions change so the  essayist, most sensitive of all plants to public opinion, adapts himself, and if he is good makes the best of the change, and if he is bad the worst. Mr. Birrell is certainly good; and so we find that, though he has dropped a considerable amount of weight, his attack is much more direct and his movement more supple. But what did Mr. Beerbohm give to the essay and what did he take from it? That is a much more complicated question, for here we have an essayist who has concentrated on the work and  is, without doubt, the prince of his profession. What Mr. Beerbohm gave was, of course, himself. This presence, which has haunted the essay fitfully from the time of Montaigne, had been in exile since the death of  Charles Lamb. Matthew Arnold was never to his readers Matt, nor Walter Pater affectionately abbreviated in a thousand homes to Wat. They gave us much, but that they did not give. Thus,  sometime  in the nineties, it must have surprised readers accustomed to exhortation, information, and denunciation to find themselves familiarly addressed by a voice which seemed to belong to a man no larger than themselves. He was affected by private joys and  sorrows and had no gospel to preach and no learning to impart. He was himself, simply and directly, and himself he has remained. Once again we have an essayist capable of using the essayists most proper but most dangerous and delicate tool. He has brought personality into literature, not unconsciously and impurely, but so consciously and purely that we do not know whether t here is any relation between Max the essayist and Mr. Beerbohm the man. We only know that the spirit of personality permeates every word that he writes. The triumph is the triumph of  style. For it is only by knowing how to write that you can make use in literature of  yourself; that self which, while it is essential to literature, is also its most dangerous antagonist. Never to be yourself and yet alwaysthat is the problem. Some of the essayists in Mr. Rhys collection, to be frank, have not altogether succeeded in solving it. We are nauseated by the sight of trivial personalities decomposing in the eternity of print. As talk, no doubt, it was charming, and  certainly, the writer is a good fellow to meet over a bottle of beer. But literature is stern; it is no use being charming,  virtuous or even learned and brilliant into the bargain, unless, she seems to reiterate, you  fulfill  her first conditionto know how to write. This art is possessed to perfection by Mr. Beerbohm. But he has not searched the dictionary for polysyllables. He has not  molded  firm periods or seduced our ears with intricate cadences and strange melodies. Some of his companionsHenley and Stevenson, for exampleare momentarily more impressive. But  A Cloud of Pinafores  has in it that indescribable inequality, stir, and final expressiveness which belong to life and to life alone. You have not finished with it because you have read it, any more than friendship is ended because it is time to part. Life wells up and alters and adds. Even things in a book-case change if they are alive; we find ourselves wanting to meet them again; we find them altered. So we look back upon essay after essay by Mr. Beerbohm, knowing that, come September or May, we shall sit down with them and talk. Yet it is true that the essayist is the most sensitive of all writers to public opinion. The drawing-room is the place where a great deal of reading is done nowadays, and the essays of Mr. Beerbohm lie, with an exquisite appreciation of all that the position exacts, upon the drawing-room table. There is no  gin  about; no strong tobacco; no puns, drunkenness, or insanity. Ladies and gentlemen talk together, and some things, of course, are not said. But if it would be foolish to attempt to confine Mr. Beerbohm to one room, it would be still more foolish, unhappily, to make him, the artist, the man who gives us only his best, the representative of our age. There are no essays by Mr. Beerbohm in the fourth or fifth volumes of the present collection. His age seems already a little distant, and the drawing-room table, as it recedes, begins to look rather like an altar where, once upon a time, people deposited offeringsfruit from their own orchards, gifts carved with their own hands. Now once more the conditions have changed. The public needs essays as much as ever, and perhaps even more. The demand for the light middle not exceeding fifteen hundred words, or in special cases seventeen hundred and fifty, much exceeds the supply. Where Lamb wrote one essay and Max perhaps writes two,  Mr. Belloc  at a rough computation produces three hundred and sixty-five. They are very short, it is true. Yet with what dexterity the practised ess ayist will utilise his spacebeginning as close to the top of the sheet as possible, judging precisely how far to go, when to turn, and how, without sacrificing a  hairs breadth  of paper, to wheel about and alight accurately upon the last word his editor allows! As a feat of  skill, it is well worth watching. But the personality upon which Mr. Belloc, like Mr. Beerbohm, depends suffers in the process. It comes to  us, not with the natural richness of the speaking voice, but strained and thin and full of mannerisms and affectations, like the voice of a man shouting through a megaphone to a crowd on a windy day. Little friends, my readers, he says in the essay called An Unknown Country, and he goes on to tell us how There was a shepherd the other day at Findon Fair who had come from the east by Lewes with sheep, and who had in his eyes that reminiscence of horizons which makes the eyes of shepherds and of mountaineers different from the eyes of other men. . . . I went with him to hear what he had to say, for shepherds talk quite differently from other men. Happily, this shepherd had little to say, even under the stimulus of the inevitable mug of beer, about the Unknown Country, for the only remark that he did make proves him either a minor poet, unfit for the care of  sheep or Mr. Belloc himself masquerading with a fountain pen. That is the penalty which the habitual essayist must now be prepared to face. He must masquerade. He cannot afford the time either to be himself or to be other people. He must skim the surface of thought and dilute the strength of personality. He must give us a worn weekly halfpenny instead of a solid sovereign once a year. But it is not Mr. Belloc only who has suffered from the prevailing conditions. The essays which bring the collection to the year 1920 may not be the best of their authors work, but, if we except writers like Mr. Conrad and Mr. Hudson, who have strayed into essay writing accidentally, and concentrate upon those who write essays habitually, we shall find them a good deal affected by the change in their circumstances. To write weekly, to write daily, to write shortly, to write for busy people catching trains in the morning or for tired people coming home in the evening, is a  heartbreaking  task for men who know good writing from bad. They do it, but instinctively draw out of harms way anything precious that might be damaged by contact with the public, or anything sharp that might irritate its skin. And so, if one reads Mr. Lucas, Mr. Lynd, or Mr. Squire in the bulk, one feels that a common  grayness  silvers everything. They are as far removed from the extravagant beauty of Wal ter Pater as they are from the intemperate  candor  of Leslie Stephen. Beauty and courage are dangerous spirits to bottle in a column and a half; and thought, like a brown paper parcel in a waistcoat pocket, has a way of spoiling the symmetry of an article. It is a kind, tired, apathetic world for which they write, and the marvel is that they never cease to attempt, at least, to write well. But there is no need to pity Mr. Clutton Brock for this change in the essayists conditions. He has clearly made the best of his circumstances and not the worst. One hesitates even to say that he has had to make any conscious effort in the matter, so  naturally, has he effected the transition from the private essayist to the public, from the drawing-room to the Albert Hall. Paradoxically enough, the shrinkage in size has brought about a corresponding expansion of individuality. We have no longer the I of Max and of Lamb, but the we of public bodies and other sublime personages. It is we who go to hear the Magic Flute; we who ought to profit by it; we, in some mysterious way, who, in our corporate capacity, once upon a time actually wrote it. For music and literature and art must submit to the same  generalization  or they will not carry to the farthest recesses of the Albert Hall. That the voice of Mr. Clutton Brock, so sincere and so disinterested, carries such a distance and r eaches so many without pandering to the weakness of the mass or its passions must be a matter of legitimate satisfaction to us all. But while we are gratified, I, that unruly partner in the human fellowship, is reduced to despair. I must always think things for himself, and feel things for himself. To share them in a diluted form with the majority of well-educated and well-intentioned men and women is  for him sheer agony; and while the rest of us listen intently and profit profoundly, I slips off to the woods and the fields and rejoices in a single blade of grass or a solitary potato. In the fifth volume of modern essays, it seems, we have got some way from pleasure and the art of writing. But in justice to the essayists of  1920  we must be sure that we are not praising the famous because they have been praised already and the dead because we shall never meet them wearing spats in Piccadilly. We must know what we mean when we say that they can write and give us pleasure. We must compare them; we must bring out the quality. We must point to this and say it is good because it is exact, truthful, and imaginative: Nay, retire men cannot when they would; neither will they, when it were Reason; but are impatient of Privateness, even in age and sickness, which require the shadow: like old Townsmen: that will still be sitting at their street door, though therby they offer Age to Scorn . . . and to this, and say it is bad because it is loose, plausible, and commonplace: With courteous and precise cynicism on his lips, he thought of quiet virginal chambers, of waters singing under the moon, of terraces where taintless music sobbed into the open night, of pure maternal mistresses with protecting arms and vigilant eyes, of fields slumbering in the sunlight, of leagues of ocean heaving under warm tremulous heavens, of hot ports, gorgeous and perfumed. . . . It goes on, but already we are bemused with sound and neither feel nor hear. The comparison makes us suspect that the art of writing has for backbone some fierce attachment to an idea. It is on the back of an idea, something believed in with conviction or seen with precision and thus compelling words to its shape, that the diverse company which includes Lamb and  Bacon, and Mr. Beerbohm and Hudson, and Vernon Lee and Mr. Conrad, and Leslie Stephen and Butler and Walter Pater reaches the farther shore. Very various talents have helped or hindered the passage of the idea into words. Some scrape through painfully; others fly with every wind  favouring. But Mr. Belloc and  Mr. Lucas  and Mr. Squire are not fiercely attached to anything in itself. They share the contemporary dilemmathat lack of an obstinate conviction which lifts ephemeral sounds through the misty sphere of anybodys language to the land where there is a perpetual marriage, a perpetual union. Vague as all definitio ns are, a good essay must have this permanent quality about it; it must draw its curtain round us, but it must be a curtain that shuts us in, not out. Originally published in 1925 by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,  The Common Reader  is currently available from Mariner Books (2002) in the U.S. and from Vintage (2003) in the U.K.

Critical Evaluation of Supply Chain Design at Kraft Foods Essay

Critical Evaluation of Supply Chain Design at Kraft Foods - Essay Example Kraft Foods basically produces various delicious foods according to the demand and the mood of the consumers and the company also promises a superior quality of the produced food. Kraft Foods has recently took over Cadbury and the company has an objective to spread its businesses all over the world. Kraft Foods is one of the most well known company which deals in branded beverages and foods. It is the largest food manufacturing organisation in the United States, and the second largest organisation in the world within the food manufacturing industry (Kraft Foods, 2011). In the study the major objective would be to highlight and to critically evaluate the various operational functions of Kraft Foods, and their importance in accruing a better competitive advantage. The study also involves the Enterprise Information System (EIS) and its critical evaluation to analyse the knowledge management system of the company. The paper would also include recommendations to support the argument along with conclusion (Kraft Foods, 2011). Kraft Foods ensures a good and effective operational segment within the organisation. The company has focused on the quality, the design, and the effectiveness of the products produced by the organisation. Alike every other company, Kraft Foods also has certain operational functions, which help the company to gain a growth in the market as well as help to achieve a competitive advantage. The company needs to initiate measures to enhance effectiveness and efficiency of the existing information system.

Cardiac Disease among African American Male, Age 30 to 50 Essay

Cardiac Disease among African American Male, Age 30 to 50 - Essay Example The objective of the paper is to identify and diagnosis the problem in respect of cardiac disease among the African American males between the ages of 30 to 50. The identification is done by developing a health promotion plan within the target group. The Department of Health and Human Services in the U.S. has greatly influenced the objective to prevent the heart disease and to promote awareness among the people. The literature review done in the paper would enable depicting the reason behind a high rate of cardiac disease among the African American males and females having the highest percentage of mortality rate than the other gender and race. It also depicts the current nursing interventions and the successful and unsuccessful interventions of the heart disease. A short-term objective has been shown to determine the process of conducting awareness and identifying the causes of heart disease that will provide knowledge and promote the awareness among the public about the heart disea se. Part I: Nursing Process: Community Diagnosis Literature Review Healthy People: 2020 ‘Healthy People’ is a designed structure that promotes awareness among the people of the United States regarding health and avoidance of disease with a set of goals, as well as objectives with a 10-year target. The goals of ‘Healthy People’ are to prevent repeated heart attacks and to improve the health of the people through awareness, detection and treatment. Cardiac disease is a major factor leading to death among the people in the U.S. African American males of the ages of 30-50 years are the main victims of cardiac disease. ‘Healthy People’ is a program of the Department of Health and Human Services of the U.S. that provides an idea of science-based objectives to measure and to keep track of the health issues in a particular population. ‘Healthy People’ serves as the institution for activities, such as prevention, as well as wellness among t he people in different sectors of National Government. It is also used as a model to measure health of people at state, as well as at local levels (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Goals of Healthy People: 2020 ‘Healthy People’ program has certain specific comprehensive goals, such as aiming high quality lives for people that is prevented from disease, injury, as well as untimely death.  

Bollywood and Cricket Essay Example for Free

Bollywood and Cricket Essay The two things that unite the rich and the poor, the educated elite and the illiterate, the city-dwellers and the villagers in India are undoubtedly – Bollywood and Cricket! Both have their own share of success and star factor – Shah Rukh Khan has a big fan following in Germany, while Sachin Tendulkar was gifted a Ferrari by Michael Schumacher. Both are big businesses – the Bollywood stars as do the cricketers appear regularly on TV to endorse everything from under-garments to life insurance to passenger cars. How about bringing them together – and that’s what happened in 2008 when the Indian Premier League (IPL) was inaugurated. Cricket, in its traditional form, usually being a day-long or a five-day game, because of the the duration of the game, was always seen by the Europeans and Americans as something boring that only cricket-crazy Indians could watch. How about making it shorter, spicing it up with some Bollywood masala adding a huge entertainment and star factor to it – and this in short is the definition of IPL. This format of the game has many similarities with both the traditional game of cricket as well as Bollywood. First, the duration – this format of the game, more popularly dubbed T20 (for Twenty-20 as it has 20 overs (1 over = 6 balls) a side), runs for around 3 hours – the same duration of a typical Bollywood movie. And the heroes are both on and off the field. The on-field heroes are the cricket stars from around the world who entertain the audience with their cricket skills. While the teams with fancy names like Delhi-Dare-Devils, Chennai-Super-Kings, etc. , have a mix of Indian and international players are mostly owned by Bollywood stars or big Indian business houses. The off-the-field heroes are thus the Bollywood stars and other page-3 regulars (the ‘socialites’) who add to the star quotient. The only thing that is left from a typical Bollywood movie are the ‘item numbers’. These are substituted for by the grooving cheer-leaders with skimpy outfits employed by each team. Not to mention the IPL Nights-after party that brings in more glitz and glamour. In short, this combination of two big business machines – Bollywood and cricket resulted in a bigger business – the IPL. So, where is technology in all these, given that my writings are connected to technology most of the time. Here we go – in 2010, IPL became the first ever sports event to be telecast live on YouTube – and I thoroughly enjoyed it. In a way this is indicative of the future of television – given that cricket events are closely associated with commercials and TRPs. We already see the convergence of mobile, desktop and more recently television devices. I am confident that not so far from now, we would be watching all sporting events and movies through the internet. The other technology marvels include the use of Spider-cameras (which was actually borrowed from other sporting events like soccer) and the high-definition reviews. And yes, there are iPhone apps too!

Softball Essay -- essays research papers

Softball is a sport that is known throughout the United States and the world. Softball originated on Thanksgiving Day in Chicago in 1887. The game was actually said to have begun as an indoor game. Softball was started by a group of men who had gathered at a club to watch the Harvard vs. Yale football game. When the news came that Yale had defeated Harvard, 17-8, one Yale supporter, overcome with enthusiasm, picked up an old boxing glove and threw it at a nearby Harvard alumni, who promptly tried to hit it back with a stick. This gave George Hancock, a reporter for the Chicago Board of Trade, an idea. He suggested a game of indoor baseball. Naturally, Hancock's friends thought he was talking about playing a game outdoors, not indoors. Hancock, however, wasn't kidding. Using what was available, he tied together the laces of a boxing glove for a ball. Using a piece of chalk, Hancock marked off a home plate, bases and a pitcher's box inside the Farragut Boat Club gymnasium, with the tw o groups divided into two teams. The final score of the game was 41-40, but what was significant was that Hancock and his friends had invented a sport that would grow in popularity to where today more than 25 million people enjoy playing it in the United States and millions more internationally in more than 100 countries. Hancock set up rules and had his friends over to his house every Saturday night to play this new game. From there it spread all over Chicago. The first rulebook is said to have b...

Medical Tourism : Introduction

During the past four years, the market grew at a whopping rate of 20-30% and is expected to grow further. Considering this growth the current market size is estimated to be $100 billion. Medical Tourism industry offers tremendous potential for the developing countries because of their low-cost advantage. The advantages of medical tourism include improvement in export earnings and healthcare infrastructure. Many people in westernised world are accustomed to visit other nations which can offer medical treatment and very economy rates.In other words high quality health care treatments can be best available abroad at a very affordable prices (Herrick, 2007). Medical tourism has been very popular among the nations like Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, India, Cuba, South Africa, Singapore etc (Bookman, 2007). In order to realize the full potential of the industry, it is imperative for these countries to develop a strategic plan for coordinating various industry players –the medical practitioners, private hospitals, policy makers, hotels, trans portation services and tour operators.This report presents the strategy that needs to be implemented by India, one of the key destinations for Medical tourism, in order to achieve industry-leadership. The reason for rapid growth of the medical tourism may be attributed to long waiting lists, opened channels for a high quality treatments etc (Carrera and Percivil, 2008). The Medical Tourism Industry in India is poised to be the next big success story after software. With a great information technology (IT) hub in India, it has got great potential for medical tourism (Connell, 2006).According to a Mckinsey-CII study the market size is estimated to be Rs. 5000-10000 Crores by 2012. The key concerns facing the industry include: absence of government initiative, lack of a coordinated effort to promote the industry, no accreditation mechanism for hospitals and the lack of uniform pricing policies and standards across hospitals . 2. 0 Aims To analyse business strategies of medical tourism industry and based on the data analysed necessary recommendations are provided in order to develop the efficacy of the this industry in India. . 1 Objectives * To explore the field of medical tourism and different business strategic approaches followed by other developing nations * To analyse the current position of Medical Tourism in India * To evaluate business strategies thrusts for the future * To provide necessary conclusion and recommendation. 2. 2 Scope of the study: There has been a considerable improvement in medical tourism all over the world. However, the developing nation like India needs to develop its own areas to contribute more towards medical tourism.The research had found suitable hypothesis for this study which will be helpful to be tested and effectively practiced in India. The conclusion may provide additional plans for the sustainability of medical tourism in the state. 3. 0 Reasearch Methodology Res earch helps in exploring the new things in certain area of interest and enhances the knowledge (Jenkowicz, 2003). It helps in analysing the conflicts in that particular area and tries out in finding some solutions for a particular conflict. It is the logical and systematic exploration of particular area of interest (Collins, 2003).These acts as template for carry out research. This further enhances the quality of the research (Malhotra, Birks, 2005). Research design can be classified as follows: Figure 3. 1: research design (Malhotra and Birks, 2005) The current study primarily focuses on the business strategies medical tourism in India. An exploratory research is adopted for this current study whereby the key problematic area is not yet identified. On the other hand the conclusive design has only very confined or specific hypothesis. This is a complex study which will have a small sample size.Hence the data thus collected can be quantifiable. The questionnaires in case of the descr iptive study are pre-formulated. Of all the different types of studies the cross sectional studies are considered to be the commonest approach. In case of simple cross sectional studies the respondents will be interviewed only one time where as in case of multiple cross sectional studies the two or more respondents will be interviewed at one time. Cohort analysis, which will be categorised under the multiple cross sectional studies, group of individuals will be exposed to equal traits at given time period.There has been a significant difference between longitudinal and cross sectional research however, longitudinal sample remains same unlike of cross sectional research. The size of the smaple will always remain same if both the researches such as casual and descriptive research are equal in representation (Malhotra, 2006). Research methods According to Blaxter (2006), the research skills constituting selection, analytics and presentation of data explore facts through some distortion s of any interested subject. The research methods have been broadly classified.However, critically evaluating the data through further research would be carried out with help of previous research validation. The methods could be in mixed approach such as quantitative and qualitative methods. The researcher understood that there should be a deep understanding of the tools before incorporating it into the research (Grix, 2004). The researcher finds interpretivism as best approach to explore the subject and to identify the data using qualitative research techniques. There are two different types of approaches commonly used such as inductive and eductive approach. The research is purely based on the end result which is much similar to inductive approach so, the deductive approach is eliminated from this research. The researcher is very keen on identifying suitable tools and techniques to derive appropriate research methods and data collections for which a proper research strategy is to be used which would be critically analysed and confirmed through case studies (Punch, et al, 2004). 3. 1 Data collection: It is the important aspect in the research process.All the research tools and techniques used to collect data is performed with subject to personal interaction, focus groups, observation and artefacts. All the data collection are identified with two segments such as primary data collection and secondary data collection. 3. 1. 1 Primary data: All the data related to qualitative and quantitative methods are observed through this technique. In this primary research, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews are considered as important. The researcher chosen closed ended questionnaire which will be more suitable for the research undertaken (Naoum, 2006).Based on the qualitative type, interviews were performed to derive data required for this research. The researcher had chosen telephonic interview which could be more reliable and can provide deep insight data rel evant to research study. All the interviews are preceded with questionnaire to probe the participants based on the response to previous questions (Collins, 2003). 3. 1. 2 Secondary data: The researcher had gone through a rigorous study based on books, journals, online articles and newspapers. Most of research related journals are derived from science direct and EBSC host websites.However, there is a considerable amount of vagueness found by the researcher during the collection of secondary data. The researcher had followed probability sampling technique to use in the current study which could produce accurate results needed for this research (Breweton, 2001).

How does Jane Austen ensure that Lizzy and Darcy are the most attractive couple in the novel? Essay

We are introduced to the character of Lizzy early on, and in such away that we are immediately given a positive impression of her. We first hear of her in a conversation between Mr and Mrs Bennet when discussing the arrival of Mr Bingley. â€Å"I must throw in a good word for my little Lizzy† Mr Bennet says, â€Å"Lizzy has something more of quickness than her sisters† This is the first impression that we have of Lizzy. To introduce her character in this way means that even before meeting her, we are already thinking of her character and already have an image of her in our minds. We see that Mr Bennet points out Lizzy’s ‘quickness’, showing that she is clever and not absent minded and dull. By hearing his praise of her, we can not dislike her unless we see something that we disapprove, which never occurs, as such. In order for Darcy and Elizabeth to be attractive as a couple, they also need to be attractive as individuals. Their attractiveness, not just of looks but of personality, are hinted to us throughout the novel. Lizzy is strong-willed, witty, bright and intelligent. â€Å"Really, ma’am, I think it would be very hard upon younger sisters, that they should not have their share of society and amusement, because the elderly may not have the means or inclination to marry early. The last born has a good a right to the pleasures of youth as the first.† This is from the conversation between Lizzy and Lady Catherine about Lydia’s marriage, which shows how Lizzy is happy to speak her mind and show her point of view. To the reader this is admirable, perhaps especially at the time when in society she would have kept it to herself due to her age, position and feminism. We see also, that various people, like her father, have much more respect for her due to it. This leads to influence us to see her in the same way. Darcy originally appears to us in a different manner. While the first impression we get of Lizzy is positive, the impression we get of Darcy is soon considerably negative. However, Jane Austen does not immediately influence us to dislike him. â€Å"his friend Mr Darcy soon drew the attention of the room by his fine, tall person, handsome features, noble mien, and the report which was in general circulation within five minutes after his entrance, of his having ten thousand a-year.† The quote is taken from when Darcy first enters the story at the Meryton ball. He is talked of with much approval and very much admired. However, this view is soon altered when we witness his conversation with Bingley at the dance. Bingley is attempting to persuade Darcy to participate and to dance with Lizzy. â€Å"She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me; and I am in no humour at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men.† This insults Lizzy, being in her earshot, and yet she can laugh at how ridiculous his manner was. His rudeness also influences the reader of how we perceive him. With additional incidents similar, we are for a long time under the impression that Darcy is a very proud and rude man and so it takes a long time to change our views. However, with the image of the very first description of Darcy, there is something slightly attractive in his character to grow on. It is interesting to note that although Darcy is handsome and very rich, we do not base his attractiveness individually on this. There are also other attractive features of Darcy that develop later on in the novel. This is interesting as it is opposite to an incident in the book concerning Wickham. â€Å"She could have added, â€Å"A young man, too, like you, whose very countenance may vouch for your being amiable†.† Here Lizzy has mistaken the good looks of Wickham for goodness. While Wickham is attractive in the face, his personality is not so. We are not only drawn to Darcy for his looks, however, but also look for something more attractive than physical attraction and wealth. â€Å"He is the best landlord, and the best master,† she said, â€Å"that ever lived; not like the wild young men nowadays, who think nothing but themselves. There is not one of his tenants or servants but what will give him a good name.† This report of Darcy from his housekeeper demonstrates the character we see developing. By such information, it is suggested that what we originally presumed of him to be proud and rude, may actually, in some ways, be misunderstandings of his character, as we learn that he is merely the strong, silent type. The improvement of Darcy’s character, as well as the less obvious improvement of Elizabeth’s, is one of the attractive features of their partnership. The way that they work on their relationship is attractive because they do not just settle with an easy option but admit mistakes and amend problems. They both realise faults in themselves due to each other. Darcy’s pride and Lizzy’s prejudice. Darcy’s pride we have already seen at the ball. This is shown to us in an obvious manner and even stated and talked about. It is often Lizzy who complains about it and is the reason that she despises Darcy so much and for so long. This also demonstrates her prejudice. Although it is noticeable in many occasions, her prejudice is less public. However, she still learns from her mistakes. These two aspects of their characters do not mix and so is not until they can overcome them, that they realise how right they are for each other. The development of their partnership in this way is attractive, rising it above other couples in the novel. We can look at the marriage of Bingley and Jane, for instance, for comparison. Jane and Bingley’s marriage is the only other in the book that we are happy for, however, the marriage of Lizzy and Darcy still improves on it. While the former is very simple and ‘pretty’, the latter is a lot deeper, with the way it was developed forming interesting layers of characters. Other couples are a lot more obviously unsuited. Mr and Mrs Bennet are one such example. When their marriage took place, Mrs Bennet married up in society, while Mr Bennet married down. Mrs Bennet was attractive but vacuous and she didn’t improve in intelligence. We can presume that Mr Bennet regretted the marriage. We see an inclination of this when he is advising Lizzy on her marriage to Darcy. â€Å"My child, let me not have the grief of seeing you unable to respect your partner in life. You know not what you are about.† We can suggest from this that Mr Bennet is reflecting on himself, and the mistake that he carried out in marrying Mrs Bennet, as he appears to be talking from experience. We see many examples where he is not happy with his marriage and not happy with Mrs Bennet. â€Å"My dear, do not give way to such gloomy thoughts. Let us hope for better things. Let us flatter ourselves that I may be the survivor† This is Mr Bennet’s reply to a conversation with Mrs Bennet about what would happen to their property when he died. We see how he has no respect for her as he is continually mocking her in this cruel way throughout the book. The amount of sarcasm and irony he uses suggests that he is merely taking it all as a joke, as if were he to take it seriously, he would not be able to handle it. We see also in the novel how, to get away from it, he spends a lot of his time by himself in his library where Mrs Bennet and the rest of the family can not disturb him. Lizzy and Darcy’s marriage however, already proves to be more successful. As a couple, they are good for each other. They can succeed in the development of each others character. They are both intelligent people, unlike Mrs Bennet, who can carry out intellectual conversations and discussions. We can see this in an earlier conversation. â€Å"To yield readily – easily – persuasion of a friend is no merit with you.† â€Å"To yield without conviction is no compliment to the understanding of either.† â€Å"You appear to me, Mr Darcy, to allow nothing for the influence of friendship and affection† This is one such example of Darcy and Lizzy exchanging and debating opinions. We can also compare this to the marriage of Charlotte Lucas and Mr Collins. â€Å"When Mr Collins could be forgotten, there was a great air of comfort throughout, and by Charlotte’s evident enjoyment of it, Elizabeth supposed he must often be forgotten.† This was taken from Lizzy’s visit to Hunsford to visit Mr and Mrs Collins. It shows how happier Charlotte is when her husband isn’t there, and that this is often the case. Lizzy and Darcy however, enjoy each other’s company immensely and do not tire of it. We see that the Collins’ marriage is a marriage of convenience. It is stable, they have money and their own space from each other, but there is no love. They would never sit and enjoy a conversation but would much rather be separate from each other, similarly to Mr and Mrs Bennet, but right from the start of their marriage. Darcy and Lizzy as a couple are attractive because they are so meant to be. Jane Austen has written us a Romantic novel where the well matched always end up living happily ever after. They are not bad like Lydia and Wickham and so we feel a great love for them and believe that they deserve to be happy together. By being able to compare them to many other couples in the book we see even more clearly how they, as a couple, are the most attractive.

WSPU Founded by Emmeline Pankhurst

WSPU Founded by Emmeline Pankhurst As founder of the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1903, suffragist Emmeline Pankhurst brought militancy to the British suffrage movement in the early twentieth century. The WSPU became the most contentious of the suffragist groups of that era, with activities ranging from disruptive demonstrations to destruction of property through the use of arson and bombs. Pankhurst and her cohorts served repeated sentences in jail, where they staged hunger strikes. The WSPU was active from 1903 to 1914, when Englands involvement in World War I brought womens suffrage efforts to a halt. Pankhurst's Early Days as an Activist Emmeline Goulden Pankhurst was born in Manchester, England in 1858 to liberal-minded parents who supported both the antislavery and womens suffrage movements. Pankhurst attended her first suffrage meeting with her mother at the age of 14, becoming devoted to the cause of womens suffrage at an early age. Pankhurst found her soul mate in Richard Pankhurst, a radical Manchester attorney twice her age whom she married in 1879. Pankhurst shared his wifes determination to acquire the vote for women; he had even drafted an early version of a womens suffrage bill, which had been rejected by Parliament in 1870. The Pankhursts were active in several local suffrage organizations in Manchester. They moved to London in 1885 to enable Richard Pankhurst to run for Parliament. Although he lost, they stayed in London for four years, during which time they formed the Womens Franchise League. The League disbanded due to internal conflicts and the Pankhursts returned to Manchester in 1892. The Birth of the WSPU Pankhurst suffered the sudden loss of her husband to a perforated ulcer in 1898, becoming a widow at the age of 40. Left with debts and four children to support (her son Francis had died in 1888), Pankhurst took a job as a registrar in Manchester. Employed in a working-class district, she witnessed many instances of gender discrimination- which only strengthened her resolve to obtain equal rights for women. In October 1903, Pankhurst founded the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU), holding the weekly meetings in her Manchester home. Limiting its membership to women only, the suffrage group sought the involvement of working-class women. Pankhursts daughters Christabel and Sylvia helped their mother to manage the organization, as well as to give speeches at rallies. The group published its own newspaper, naming it ​Suffragette after the derogatory nickname given to suffragists by the press. Early supporters of the WSPU included many working-class women, such as mill-worker Annie Kenny and seamstress Hannah Mitchell, both of whom became prominent public speakers for the organization. The WSPU adopted the slogan Votes For Women and selected green, white, and purple as their official colors, symbolizing respectively, hope, purity, and dignity. The slogan and tricolor banner (worn by members as a sash across their blouses) became a common sight at rallies and demonstrations throughout England. Gaining Strength In May 1904, WSPU members crowded the House of Commons to hear discussion on the womens suffrage bill, having been assured in advance by the Labor Party that the bill (drafted years earlier by Richard Pankhurst) would be brought up for debate. Instead, members of Parliament (MPs) staged a talk-out, a strategy intended to run down the clock so that there would be no time left for discussion of the suffrage bill. Infuriated, members of the Union decided they must use more drastic measures. Since demonstrations and rallies were not producing results, although they did help to increase the membership of the WSPU, the Union adopted a new strategy - heckling politicians during speeches. During one such incident in October 1905, Pankhursts daughter Christabel and fellow WSPU member Annie Kenney were arrested and sent to jail for a week. Many more arrests of women protesters- nearly a thousand- would follow before the struggle for the vote was over. In June 1908, the WSPU held the largest-ever political demonstration in Londons history. Hundreds of thousands rallied in Hyde Park as suffragist speakers read resolutions calling for the womens vote. The government accepted the resolutions but refused to act upon them. The WSPU Gets Radical The WSPU employed increasingly militant tactics over the next several years. Emmeline Pankhurst organized a window-smashing campaign throughout Londons commercial districts in March 1912. At the designated hour, 400 women took hammers and began smashing windows simultaneously. Pankhurst, who had broken windows at the prime ministers residence, went to jail along with many of her accomplices. Hundreds of women, including Pankhurst, went on hunger strikes during their numerous imprisonments. Prison officials resorted to violent force-feeding of the women, some of whom actually died from the procedure. Newspaper accounts of such mistreatment helped to generate sympathy for the suffragists. In response to the outcry, Parliament passed the Temporary Discharge for Ill-Health Act (known informally as the Cat and Mouse Act), which allowed the fasting women to be released just long enough to recover, only to be rearrested. The Union added destruction of property to its growing arsenal of weapons in its battle for the vote. Women vandalized golf courses, railroad cars, and government offices. Some went so far as to set buildings on fire and plant bombs in mailboxes. In 1913, one Union member, Emily Davidson, attracted negative publicity by throwing herself in front of the kings horse during a race at Epsom. She died days later, having never regained consciousness. World War I Intervenes In 1914, Britains involvement in World War I effectively brought about the end of the WSPU and the suffrage movement in general. Pankhurst believed in serving her country in a time of war and declared a truce with the British government. In return, all imprisoned suffragists were released from jail. Women proved themselves capable of performing traditional mens jobs while the men were off at war and seemed to have earned more respect as a result. By 1916, the fight for the vote was over. Parliament passed the Representation of the People Act, granting the vote to all women over 30. The vote was granted to all women over 21 years of age in 1928, only weeks after the death of Emmeline Pankhurst.

Understanding Corium and Radioactivity After a Meltdown

Understanding Corium and Radioactivity After a Meltdown The most dangerous radioactive waste in the world is likely the Elephants Foot, the name given to the solid flow from the nuclear meltdown at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986. The accident occurred during a routine test when a power surge triggered an emergency shutdown that didnt go as planned. Chernobyl The core temperature of the reactor rose, causing an even greater power surge, and the control rods that might otherwise have managed the reaction were inserted too late to help. The heat and power rose to the point where the water used to cool the reactor vaporized, generating pressure that blew the reactor assembly apart in a powerful explosion.   With no means to cool the reaction, the temperature ran out of control. A second explosion threw part of the radioactive core into the air, showering the area with radiation and starting fires. The core began to melt, producing a material resembling hot lava- except that it was also wildly radioactive. As molten sludge oozed through the remaining pipes and melted concrete, it eventually hardened into a mass resembling the foot of an elephant or, to some viewers, Medusa, the monstrous Gorgon from Greek mythology. Elephants Foot The Elephants Foot was discovered by workers in December 1986. It was both physically hot and nuclear-hot, radioactive to the point that approaching it for more than a few seconds constituted a death sentence. Scientists put a camera on a wheel and pushed it out to photograph and study the mass. A few brave souls went out to the mass to take samples for analysis. Corium What researchers discovered was that the Elephants Foot was not, as some had expected, the remnants of the nuclear fuel.  Instead, it was a mass of melted concrete, core shielding, and sand, all mixed together. The material was named corium after the portion of the reactor that produced it.   The Elephants Foot changed over time, puffing out dust, cracking, and decomposing, yet even as it did, it remained too hot for humans to approach. Chemical Composition Scientists analyzed the composition of corium to determine how it formed and the true danger it represents. They learned that the material formed from a series of processes, from the initial melting of the nuclear core into the Zircaloy (a trademarked zirconium alloy) cladding to the mixture with sand and concrete silicates to a final lamination as the lava melted through floors, solidifying. Corium is essentially a heterogeneous silicate glass containing inclusions: uranium oxides (from the fuel pellets)uranium oxides with zirconium (from the melting of the core into the cladding)zirconium oxides with uraniumzirconium-uranium oxide (Zr- U-O)zirconium silicate with up to 10% uranium [(Zr,U)SiO4, which is called chernobylite]calcium aluminosilicatesmetalsmaller amounts of sodium oxide and magnesium oxide If you were to look at the corium, youd see black and brown ceramic, slag, pumice, and metal. Is It Still Hot? The nature of radioisotopes is that they decay into more stable isotopes over time. However, the decay scheme for some elements might be slow, plus the daughter, or product, of decay might also be radioactive.   The corium of the Elephants Foot was considerably lower 10 years after the accident but still insanely dangerous. At the 10-year point, radiation from the corium was down to 1/10th its initial value, but the mass remained physically hot enough and emitted enough radiation that 500 seconds of exposure would produce radiation sickness and about an hour was lethal. The intention was to contain the Elephants Foot by 2015 in an effort to diminish its environmental threat level. However, such containment doesnt make it safe. The corium of the Elephants Foot might not be as active as it was, but its still generating heat and still melting down into the base of Chernobyl. Should it manage to find water, another explosion could result. Even if no explosion occurred, the reaction would contaminate the water. The Elephants Foot will cool over time, but it will remain radioactive and (if you were able to touch it) warm for centuries to come. Other Sources of Corium Chernobyl isnt the only nuclear accident to produce corium. Gray corium with patches of yellow also formed in partial meltdowns at Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in the U.S. in March 1979 and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan in March 2011. Glass produced from atomic tests, such as trinitite, is similar.

Gender bias in mathematic achievement Research Paper

Gender bias in mathematic achievement - Research Paper Example In a study conducted by Arnot (134), it is difficult to separate the adoption of these attitudes from the powerful and diverse forces, which dictate the expectations of students. The third theme is drawn from a recent research study conducted by Bevan (4), which established that gender differences in Mathematics achievement essentially arise through variations in learning styles, organization of learning, and teaching styles. Based on such underpinning tenets, it is necessary to examine and account for causes of gender bias in Mathematics achievement. In his study, Becker (221) identifies that boys are best, relative to girls, in both practical and applied areas while girls do best relative to boys in computation involving decimals, whole numbers, and some algebra related aspects. Attitude towards Mathematics also played a significant role in creating the existing gender bias in Mathematics. Boys have a significantly greater tendency towards judging topics in Mathematics a s easy and significantly, more girls than boys believed that they had difficulties in remembering formulae, understanding Mathematics concepts, and in applying the work that had studied in class (Bevan 4). The perception of learners about Mathematics has a greater contribution towards gender bias. Three factors constitute learner perception towards Mathematics: learner expectations of Mathematics, types of activity that entail their Mathematics education, and prevailing stereotypes about Mathematics. As affirmed by Becker (223), the greater the agreement exists in these strands, the less the digression between Mathematics achievement and gender. Even though the variations in attainment are considered relatively insignificant, variations in the attitudes of both girls, and boys towards Mathematics is striking. Moreover, the uncertainty exhibited by girls’ and confidence in boys, both extend beyond individual